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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">TUNEL-Methode</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>TUNEL-Methode</b> (<i><u>T</u>dT-mediated d<u>U</u>TP-biotin <u>n</u>ick <u>e</u>nd <u>l</u>abeling</i>) dient der Darstellung von <a href="Zellkern" title="Zellkern">Zellkernen</a> <a href="Apoptose" title="Apoptose">apoptotischer</a> <a href="Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie)">Zellen</a>. „TdT“ steht für <a href="Desoxyribonukleotidyltransferase" title="Desoxyribonukleotidyltransferase">„terminal desoxynucleotidyl transferase“</a>, ein <a href="Enzym" title="Enzym">Enzym</a>, das in einem Zwischenschritt der Technik verwendet wird.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methode">Methode</h2></div>
<p>Während der <a href="Apoptose" title="Apoptose">Apoptose</a> wird der <a href="Desoxyribonukleins%C3%A4ure" title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure">Desoxyribonukleinsäure</a>-Strang (DNA-Strang) des Zellkerns durch die Aktivität von <a href="Endonuklease" title="Endonuklease">Endonukleasen</a> fragmentiert. Die an den Bruchenden freiwerdenden <a href="Hydroxygruppe" title="Hydroxygruppe">Hydroxygruppen</a> (3'-OH-Gruppen) werden durch das Enzym TdT mit <a href="Marker_(Genetik)" title="Marker (Genetik)">markierten</a> <a href="Nukleotid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleotid">Nukleotiden</a> versehen, welche z. B. aufgrund von <a href="Fluoreszenz" title="Fluoreszenz">Fluoreszenz</a> mit entsprechenden <a href="Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">Mikroskopen</a> sichtbar gemacht werden können.
</p><p>Die Methode wurde 1992 erstmals beschrieben.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An der Methode wurde in den darauffolgenden Jahren Kritik geübt, da eine Unterscheidung zwischen <a href="Nekrose" title="Nekrose">nekrotischen</a> und apoptotischen Zelluntergängen nur bedingt möglich war.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In den Jahren darauf wurde beschrieben, wie die Technik hinsichtlich auftretender Probleme modifiziert und verbessert werden kann.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>Jennifer Jewell, Andrea M. Mastro: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.promega.de/~/media/files/resources/cell%20notes/cn003/using%20terminal%20deoxynucleotidyl%20transferase%20enzyme.pdf"><i>Using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) enzyme to detect TUNEL-positive, GFP-expressing apoptotic cells.</i></a> (pdf; 62 kB). In: <i>Cell Notes.</i> 3, 2002, S. 13–14.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Y. Gavrieli u. a.: <i>Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation.</i> In: <i><a href="J_Cell_Biol" class="mw-redirect" title="J Cell Biol">J Cell Biol</a>.</i> 119, 1992, S. 493–501. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1400587?dopt=Abstract">PMID 1400587</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Grasl-Kraupp u. a.: <i>In situ detection of fragmented DNA (TUNEL assay) fails to discriminate among apoptosis, necrosis, and autolytic cell death: a cautionary note.</i> In: <i><a href="Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a>.</i> 21(5), Mai 1995, S. 1465–1468. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7737654?dopt=Abstract">PMID 7737654</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Negoescu u. a.: <i>Importance of DNA fragmentation in apoptosis with regard to TUNEL specificity.</i> In: <i><a href="Biomed_Pharmacother" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomed Pharmacother">Biomed Pharmacother</a>.</i> 52(6), 1998, S. 252–258. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9755824?dopt=Abstract">PMID 9755824</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Labat-Moleur u. a.: <i>TUNEL apoptotic cell detection in tissue sections: critical evaluation and improvement.</i> In: <i>J. Histochem. Cytochem.</i> 46(3), Mar 1998, S. 327–334. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9487114?dopt=Abstract">PMID 9487114</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Negoescu u. a.: <i>In situ apoptotic cell labeling by the TUNEL method: improvement and evaluation on cell preparations.</i> In: <i>J. Histochem. Cytochem.</i> 44(9), Sep 1996, S. 959–968. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8773561?dopt=Abstract">PMID 8773561</a>.</span>
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